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Seizures or Convulsions
Leo Leonidas MD, FAAP
Why Have a List of Differential Diagnosis?
It is important for clinicians to frequently refer
to a list of differential diagnosis so they could
ask good questions from the patient or parent. A
list of different causes of diseases will also help
reduce errors in diagnosis.
CAUSES OF SEIZURES
ADOLESCENCE
Drug overdose
Trauma or Injury
Infections
Tumors
Vascular Malformations
Genetic Predisposition
Unknown Causes
CHILDHOOD
INFECTIONS
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Encephalopathy
Cerebral Abscess
Parasitic Infestations
Tetanus
TRAUMA
Head Injury
Anoxic Injury
Burn Encephalopathy
Subdural Hematoma
Epidural Hematoma
Previous Injury
TOXIC REACTIONS
Drug Overdose
Heavy Metals
Chemicals
VASCULAR CAUSES
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Cerebral Embolization
Vascular Thrombosis
Sickle-Cell Disease
Vasculitis
OTHER CAUSES
Reye Syndrome
Tumors
Metabolis Disorders
Subacute Schlerosing Panencephalitis
Convulsive Syncope
Dysrhythmias
Rett Syndrome
INFANCY
Febrile Seizures
Intracranial Birth Injury
Congenital Cerebral Malformation
Infections (Bacterial, Viral, Shigella, TB, Parasitic, etc)
Heavy Metals
Drugs overdose
Ingestion of Other Toxic Substances
Immunizations
Hypoglacemia
Hypontremia
Hypernatremia
After Concussion
Subdural Hematoma
Child Abuse
Anoxic Episodes
Inborn Error of Metabolism (Biotin-Responsive Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency)
Tuberous Sclerosis
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Linear Sebaceous Nevus
Neurofibromatosis
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Post Infectious
Tumors
Convulsive Syncope
Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Unknown Causes
NEWBORN AND NEONATAL PERIOD
METABOLIC DISORDERS
Hypocalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
Galactosemia
INTRACRANIAL BIRTH INJURY
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION
Bacterial Meningitis
Viral Infection
Other Infections (Syphilis, Neonatal Tetanus, Toxoplasmosis)
Congenital Cerebral Malformations
Drugs and Chemicals (Withdrawal, Toxic Reactions)
Developmental Abnormalities (Incontinentia Pigmenti, Sturge-Weber, Tuberous Sclerosis, Linear Sebaceous Nevus)
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
Postmaturity
Pre-eclamptic Toxemia
Kernicterus
Hyperviscosity
Pyridoxine Dependency or Deficiency
Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Unknown Causes
SEIZURE MIMICS
Breath-Holding
Syncope
Migraine
Hyperventilation
Drugs
Myoclonic Jerks
Tics
Pavor Nocturnus
Hysteria
Malingering
Spasmu Nutans
Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Masturbation
Labyrinthitis
Shuddering Attacks
REFERENCE:
Signs & Symptoms In Pediatrics
2nd Edition, page 547
Tunnessen, Jr
Belly Pain Air Leaks From Lungs Acute Crying Back Pain Bed Wetting Big Lymph Node Big Spleen Blood in Urine Chronic Diarrhea Chest Pain Cough Coughing Up Blood Constipation Droopy Eye Enlarged Glands Eye Swelling Excessive Thrist Facial Paralysis Fainting Spell Feeding Problem GI Bleeding Headache Head Tilt Hives High ESR Hoarseness Joint Pain Limp Leg Pain Muscle Weakness Noisy Breathing Nose Bleeding Nose Obstruction Pyuria Recurrent Infection Red Green Urine Ringing in the Ears Scrotal Swelling Seizures Stiff Neck Swelling of the Parotic Gland Toe Walking Toeing In Toeing Out Unequal Pupils Vomiting Wheezing
Leo Leonidas, MD, FAAP
Assistant Clinical Professor in Pediatrics
Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston
Attending Pediatrician
Eastern Maine Medical Center, Bangor
BANGOR, MAINE: "First City with EBPP (Evidence Based Pediatrics for Parents) Website"
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