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Vomiting of blood is not common in infants and children. However, if persistent should be investigated promtly.

Some of the causes of vomiting blood (hematemesis) are:

Newborn period: Swallowed maternal blood, Hemorrhagic disease of the Newbron, Hemorrhagic Gastritis, Peptic ulcer, Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus.

Swallowed blood: Epistaxis, Injury to the mouth, throat, palate, Dental work

Esophageal Conditions: Gastroesophageal reflux, Hiatal hernia, Esophageal varices, Foreign bodies, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, Corrosive agents, Esophageal tumors, Congenital microgastria, Foreign body

Gastrodoudenal Conditions: Peptic ulcer, Stress ulcer, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Gastritis, Gastric outlet obstruction, Duplications, Infections (malaria, mycotic infections, hemorrhagic fever), Drugs (theophylline, caffeine), Tumors, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Superficial artery in the gastric mucosa.

Hematologic Conditions: Leukemia, Aplastic anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Hemophylia, Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Others: Scurvy, Henoch-Schonlein pupura, Trauma to the abdomen, Rendu-Osler Weber syndrome, Pulmonary bleeding

Reference: Signs & Symptoms in Pediatrics 2nd Edition, Tunnessen, Jr. page401

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